The Definition Of Preventive Detention Essay - 1634 Words

CHAPTER-1 1.1 Meaning of preventive detention Preventive detention does not have any authority’s definition in Indian law. In Indian terms, preventive detention means detention of a person by executive order with a view to prevent the person from endangering the state security, disturbing public order or essential supplies and services or adversely affecting other specified objects of public interest. In other words, preventive detention is the imprisonment of a person with the aim of preventing them from committing further offence and of maintaining public order. It is the detention of a person without trial in such circumstances that the evidence in possession of the authority is not sufficient to make a legal charge or to secure the conviction of the detenu by legal proof, but may still be sufficient to justify his detention. Preventive detention differs from imprisonment on conviction or during investigation of the crime of an accused, which permits separate classification of the detenu under preventive detention. It is to prevent breach of law while imprisonment on conviction during investigation is subsequent to the commission of the crime. The object of preventive detention is not to punish, but to intercept, to prevent the detenu from doing something prejudicial to the state or to prevent an individual from achieving the particular object. The satisfaction of the concerned authority is a subjective satisfaction in such a matter. The justification for preventiveShow MoreRelatedMental Illness and Health Care for the Mentally Ill Essay1216 Words   |  5 PagesCase Study Mental Illness has a broad spectrum in the definition of mental illness; any of various psychiatric conditions, usually characterized by impairment of an individual’s normal cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning, and caused by physiological or psychosocial factors. Also called mental disease, mental disorder. The broad definition also includes that a mental illness is dependent upon a society’s norm and whether corresponding behaviors go against these norms and whetherRead MorePutting Constitutional Protections in the Backseat for Non-Conformist American Experiences606 Words   |  3 Pagesintimately intertwined certain values are to American culture, as they permeate through even the densest layers of the Constitutional protections. The separation of church and state found little traction against these American values. The conventional definition of a traditional family, as a monogamous, heterosexual marriage is a core American value that is of suf ficient compelling state interest that it overrides the First Amendment protection of the free (which was never absolutely free) exercise of religionRead MoreModern Definition of Rule of Law2190 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction to the Rule of Law amp; the modern definition. Rule of Law in the layman perspective is the principle that nobody is above the law and that every man’s act is subject to the law. The law referred, in our context, is the Malaysian Constitution which embodies the definition, expressly in many of its provisions. The constitution has the absolute power as against the arbitrariness and discretionary power of the government. This concept is commonly practiced in democratic countries. RuleRead MoreTorture Right Or Wrong?1215 Words   |  5 Pageshis head, and threatened to harm his little sister. This sounds terrible right ? Well in Newsweek 2003, Mohammed told his captors how Khan was deployed to america to gather intelligence on potential targets. Today, most legal definitions of torture follow this 1985 definition, emphasizing that torture is any act that intentionally inflicts severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, when executed to serve a stated purpose other than punishment, such as gathering intelligence informationRead MoreFood Safety And Assistance Program1562 Words   |  7 Pagesdates for the legislation. The new authority for the FDA to recall foods from the suppliers is an example of the new implementations. The FDA will now have a legislative mandate to make science-based preventive controls for the food supply. There are three prevention methods2. One is mandatory preventive controls for food facilities, which makes food facilities have a written plan for evaluating, preventing, controlling, and correcting the hazards. The second one is, Mandatory produce safety standardsRead MoreRacial Profiling in Canada Essay examples1300 Words   |  6 Pagesassumptions because of one’s race, colour, ethnicity, etc.† whereas criminal profiling â€Å"relies on actual behaviour or on information about suspected activity by someone who meets the description of a specific individual† (Facts Sheet, para 2). This definition is also shared by Casola but Coles considers them as the same. It is important to separate fact from feelings when discussing racial profiling; stereotypes are offensive, however identifying one’s race in a criminal profile does not make oneRead MoreE liminating the Death Penalty Essay examples1058 Words   |  5 Pages Murder by definition is the destruction of another human being. When polled, ninety percent of adults, aging from twenty to forty, responded that murder was wrong. In 1994, Polly Klaas, a twelve-year-old girl was abducted from her own home. Her body was later found, and her killer, Richard Alan Davis, pleaded guilty to charges of kidnapping and first degree murder. When polled, seventy-five percent of the same adults felt that sentencing Richard Alan Davis to death was not wrong. The deathRead More Regarding Indefinite Administrative Detention Essay2769 Words   |  12 PagesRegarding Indefinite Administrative Detention Blind patriotism and resounding public support of President Bush’s ‘War’ on terrorism after the events of September 11 th have allowed considerable leeway to be taken by the Federal Government in terms of indefinite detention of non-U.S. citizens in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. But all the flag waving seems to have helped a lot of people dismiss the idea that, even though the detainees taken from Afghanistan in the past year are not U.S. citizens, they remainRead MoreThe Representative Democracy of Australia1971 Words   |  8 PagesAustralia confer a power to compel submission to interrogation, a power to detain and interrogate without charge, and a power of preventative detention. In doing so these laws jeopardise the rule of law, expand executive power, diminish existing rights, endanger the separation of powers, and undermine judicial procedures. Further the legislative definition of ‘terrorism’ provides for the targeting of and discrimination against r eligious and cultural groups within society. In particular, there hasRead MoreFundamental Rights and Duties3605 Words   |  15 Pagesthese rights the Supreme Court of India and the High Courts of the states have the power to declare such legislative or executive action as unconstitutional and void.[23] These rights are largely enforceable against the State, which as per the wide definition provided in Article 12, includes not only the legislative and executive wings of the federal and state governments, but also local administrative authorities and other agencies and institutions which discharge public functions or are of a governmental

Attachment Theory and the Mother-Infant Relationship Essay

In the first third of our course we studied the intense, complex relationship a mother has with her offspring. In order to fully understand this bond, three concepts must be understood: the emotional nature, the adaptive strategy, as well as the relationships pros and cons. However, for the purpose of this paper, I will be focusing on the mother-infant relationship as an adaptive strategy primates developed, with emphasis on attachment theory. The root of the mother-infant relationship as well as a childs development can be linked to John Bowlbys theory of attachment. Bowlby, a British psychoanalyst, developed the theory after running a study in which he attempted to understand the intense distress experienced by infants who had†¦show more content†¦Ainsworth also interviewed the mother in order to learn more about her parenting style as well as her experiences growing up with her own mother. She came to the conclusion that three types of children existÂâ€"those who are secure in their relationship with their parents, those who are anxious-resistant, and those who are anxious-avoidant. She demonstrated that the infants began to convey consistently different patterns of distress (on separation) and protest (upon reunion with their mothers (Shaw, 414). Similarly, the mothers displayed very consistent patterns of interactions with their infants while free playing during the laboratory introduction sequence, as well as patterns of comforting the infant on reunion (Shaw, 414). Ainsworth correlated these patterns with infant-parent interactions in the home during the first year of life. For example, children who appeared secure in the strange situation typically had parents who were responsive to their needs while the insecure children often had parents who were insensitive or inconsistent in the care they provided (Fraley, 2). The intense, complex relationship between a mother and her infant is so influentialShow MoreRelatedThe Development Of Attachment Theory1336 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment of attachment theory since the time of Bowlby and the many theories proposed to determine which best describes attachment. The Attachment theory highlights the importance of attachment especially between mothers and infants in regards to the infants personal development, both physically and emotionally. Bowlby describes attachment as â€Å"lasting psychological connectedness between human beings†(Bowlby, 1969, p.194). Bowlby’s attachment theory suggested that mothers and infants have a biologicalRead MoreBowlby s Theory Of Attachment1255 Words   |  6 PagesAttachment refers to an affectional bond; a bond which is exclusive to an individual and cannot be exchanged to another. A particularly important bond is the emotional one between an infant and its primary care giver. When it comes to attachmen t it is often said that it is either down to nature or nurture. Nature is the belief that it is genetic based whilst nurture believes it is our environment and experiences. Bowlby focuses on the evolutionary argument for attachment. Bowlby’s theory can beRead MoreSecure Attachment Relationship Between Young Children And Their Families898 Words   |  4 PagesSecure Attachment Relationship The mother is usually the first and primary object of attachment for an infant, but in many cultures, babies become just as attached to their fathers, siblings, and grandparents. When infants are attached to their caregivers, they gain a secure base from which babies can explore their environment and a haven of safety to return to when they are afraid. Attachment begins with physical touching and cuddling between infant and parent. Some babies become secure or insecureRead MoreRelation: Infant Mother Attachment and Eating Disorders1510 Words   |  7 Pageslinks between infant mother attachment and eating disorder behavior. Throughout this paper the two main theorists that are looked at are Mary S. Ainsworth and John Bowlby. Mary S. Ainsworth’s framework of attachment theory began in Uganda, while studying individual difference in infant behavior, which is known as the Strange Situation. John Bowlby coined the theory of infant mother attachment based on object relations ps ychoanalytical theory and the conceptualization that infants need healthy maternalRead MoreThe Theories And Principles Of Attachment Theory1621 Words   |  7 PagesExploration of Attachment Theory Fully describe the theory including the main concepts and principles Attachment theory is a concept that explores the importance of attachment in respect to direct development. â€Å"It is a deep and enduring emotional bond that connects one person to another across time and space† (Bowlby, 1969; McLeod, 2009). It is the relationship that develops within the first year of the infant’s life between them and their caregiver. The theory also relates to the quality of theRead MorePsychological Theories, Freudian, Object Relational, And The Main Components Of Attachment And Object Relations Theory1660 Words   |  7 PagesIn this paper, the author will delineate the following developmental theories, Freudian, Object Relational, and the main components found in Attachment. The main theorists that will be addressed include, Sigmund Freud, John Bowlby, Mary Ainsworth, and some work of Melanie Klein. The author will provide a detailed explanation on attachment and object relations theory and how it can be incorporated with a client who is suff ering from Anorexia Nervosa and how the impact of development correlates withRead MoreEffects Of Maternal Separation On Children s Development1397 Words   |  6 Pageschild’s development. The hypothesis they formed based off their observations became known as the attachment theory. The attachment theory came about on the core principle that â€Å"children brought up with consistent, loving parents or significant, reliable caregivers can develop a foundation of trust and attachment and can grow up to be well-adjusted adults who are capable of forming trusting and loving relationships.† (Bigner, 2014, p. 50-51) However, if this foundation is missing it can cause problems, suchRead More1. Outline Mary Ainsworth’s ‘Strange Situation’ Study and Discuss How This Has Influenced Our Understanding of the Importance of a Child’s Attachment to the Primary Caregiver.1523 Words   |  7 Pagesand discuss how this has influenced our understanding of the importance of a child’s attachment to the primary caregiver. In 1970 Mary Ainsworth expanded greatly upon Bowblys original work and devised an experiment called the Strange situation. The study focused on the behaviour ,in relation to attachment, of infants who were 12-18 months of age when their mother left the purpose built lab play room. The infants were watched through video cameras in the laboratory. The laboratory had two chairsRead MoreThe Attachment Theory Essay561 Words   |  3 PagesThe Attachment Theory The attachment theory talks about the early significance and developments of attachment between infants and their mothers. Attachment can be defined as intense, emotional ties to specific people. The attachment process can be divided into pre-attachment, discriminate and indiscriminate and multiple attachment phases. The development of specific attachment is shown through separation anxiety. The most influential versions of this approachRead MoreThe Theory Of The Attachment Theory1742 Words   |  7 Pagesdevelopment is the child s relationship with their caregiver. From determining a child s early attachment patterns, it can help further the child s behavior in later development, and the way the child will relate to others in her years to come. The acknowledgment of this simple fact has led many psychologists to create theories and findings to support this idea. Bowlby’s creation of the Attachment Theory sparked many famous psychologists to come up with ways to support his theory. Mary Ainsworth is known

Joining The Conversation Essay - 966 Words

Joining the Conversation: Keeping Track of Sources Complete this note-catcher to make visible how your sources deal with your topic. Remember, what you write in this document will inform your annotated bibliography, and the essay you write for this unit. Citation: Title, author, source They Say: Direct quotes or paraphrase from source... I Say: My perspective on what is revealed in the source Source #1 www.pewinternet.org is credible site that has been providing top-notch information for computers. (http://www.pewinternet.org/2016/03/10/public-predictions-for-the-future-of-workforce-automation/) ‘ A 2013 study by researchers at Oxford University posited that as many as 47% of all jobs in the United States are at risk of†¦show more content†¦This represents how the AI will, for sure, take a whole bunch of job opportunities which will increase the efficiency but the workers will not benefit as they will lose their jobs. This is one of the best-case scenarios that helps explain the decrease in the future in the workplace employment if Artificial Intelligence gets developed to a point where it can fully function as a human. As Siri and other artificial intelligence applications have already decreased the need of having a personal assistant, it just keeps on proving : artificial intelligence will decrease the workplace opportunities as it develops. Source #3 The author being quoted is, well you know, a very credible person: Stephen Hawking. BBC: It is a very credible and reliable source widely used all over the globe. (http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-30290540) He told the BBC: â€Å"The development of full artificial intelligence could spell the end of the human race. He also says, Humans, who are limited by slow biological evolution, couldnt compete, and would be superseded. My perspective of this source is that, it is very reliable as the author has provided many other successful theories and is very credible. The author being quoted is, well you know, a very credible person: Stephen Hawking. His quotations set me thinking about the harsh reality of how the humans would be inferior to the artificial intelligence. Source #4 Harold Stark, Forbes. He has writtenShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Tyler Perry s Movies And The Aspect Of Advertising And Kid902 Words   |  4 Pageschosen sources from the media, literature and interviews for supporting the essays. The topic â€Å"The power of advertising: its effects on Children† which was derived from an analysis of consumer practices. The negative position and observations on the topic is be supported by an interview where Doctor James Sargent’s perspective answers the question: what ethical implications arise from advertising to children? The second essay will be an analytical investigation on the issue of gender violence withRead More`` Virtual Friendships And The New Narcissism ``962 Words   |  4 Pagesargument/ideas credible. Rosen used one of Stanley Milgram’s studies to show how there were â€Å"six degrees of separation,† but now with social media people are connected by closer to three degrees of separation, according to Duncan J. Watts. Rosen us es the essay â€Å"The Strength of Weak Ties† by sociologist Mark Granovetter to strengthen her argument on how social media is mostly weak ties and not true real friendships. Also she uses a survey by the Pew Internet and American Life Project that states â€Å" more thanRead MoreEssaye 2 Eng 100634 Words   |  3 PagesEssay #2—Is Pop Culture Actually Good For You? Our second essay is a response to the readings from the Chapter â€Å"Is Pop Culture Actually Good For You?† and should include specific references to the text when appropriate. You may also develop the essays with examples from your own lives or other courses you may have taken that covered similar themes. In other words, personal experience is o.k. to use as evidence in your essay, but keep in mind that this essay is primarily a response to a textRead MoreOnline Education : An Important Part Of The Social Aspect1359 Words   |  6 Pagesmost valuable aspect of the college experience; it allows a student to connect with new people, go to events, as well as helping them develop social skills that can help them with things such as talking through an interview or even in a normal conversation with an authority. Online schooling can abolish this social aspect due to being mainly online, students will not have the opportunity to meet with their peers and build networks. Online schools have modernized ways of learning to fit advancementsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Flight From Conversation By Sherry Turkle944 Words   |  4 PagesIn the narrative â€Å"The Flight from Conversation† by Sherry Turkle, she says in this age of mobile devices and Facebook people have sacrificed conversation with connection. People are always on their phones and struggle to maintain eye contact, and when they’re texting in classrooms and even in dates when you are supposed to connect to someone physically and emotionally, and instead people act like robots and text even on dates and probably other social occasions. All this meant to show how peopleRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On Human Relationships1107 Words   |  5 Pagessubstance, it could alter everything about how relationships and conversations are conducted. Technology becomes a relationship game changer that should be evaluated so people know what they are getting themselves into before they dive in too deep. Recent studies and articles shed a new light on the effects of technology on relationships which had been previously been left unaddressed. With these revelations, more people are joining the debate that truly effects all. With other debates, there isRead MoreMy Writing Skills And The Way I Develop My Career948 Words   |  4 PagesFinal Reflection Essay Throughout this semester, I have seen an improvement in my writing skills and the way I develop my essays. I have always had a passion for creative writing, but when writing academic papers, I lacked technique and correct grammar. I made exceptional grades on my writing assignments in high school, but I learned quickly that English college classes are much more challenging. Being in my first college English class helped me learn how important class attendance and participationRead MoreI Am Literate, Is Not Just The Ability Of Recite And Inscribe1367 Words   |  6 Pages That is what I thought, at least. I imagined the camp as a platform for intelligent students to boast of their magnificent debating skills and for the low-profiled students like me to just listen to their arguments and accept as is. I knew that joining the camp was actually a mistake. How on earth would someone who is reserved and not confident like me be sent to a very rigorous debating camp, that is so not com patible with my personality? Thankfully, I was not alone in that camp; I met my neighborRead MoreCore Elements Of Servant Leadership1335 Words   |  6 Pagescomponent of the servant leadership theory. The whole concept is based on the leader taking the position of a servant in their interactions with the employees. The internal thirst to serve is â€Å"the key to greatness†, according to Greenleaf’s original essay. The primary purpose of a servant leader is to motivate others and bring about the greatness in others, with the organisational success being the indirect outcome of this approach. Therefore, a business shouldn’t emphasis the objectives of the organisationRead MoreWriting Skills Part 2 Penn Foster Exam Essay815 Words   |  4 Pagespossible sentences or paragraphs. C. You write down words or ideas in chronological order. D. Youre generating words that suggest possible themes for an essay. 2. Which of the following would be an appropriate way to add variety to your sentences? A. Use more close-up words. B. Make your sentences read like a spoken conversation. C. Add personal anecdotes. *D. Use questions and answers together. 3. Which one of the following sentences or phrases is most likely to be considered

Relationship Between Drug And Alcohol Abuse And Domestic...

What is the relationship between drug and alcohol abuse and domestic violence? The relationship between alcohol or other substance abuse and domestic violence is very complicated. A prevailing myth about domestic violence is that alcohol and drugs are the major causes of domestic abuse. In reality, some abusers rely on substance use (and abuse) as an excuse for becoming violent. Alcohol allows the abuser to justify their abusive behavior as a result of the alcohol. While an abuser’s use of alcohol may have an effect on the severity of the abuse or the ease with which the abuser can justify their actions, an abuser does not become violent â€Å"because† drinking causes them to lose control of his/her temper. Many statistics show that the batterers have the tendency to use Methamphetamine and Crack cocaine as their drug of choice. When taking these drugs it is proven that they can cause the batterer to be alert, paranoia and a variety of other unpredictable and adverse reactions. They can also cause people to become irrational, excited, agitated and become unable to control anger or violent impulses within seconds. Many cases that have been reported to the police have shown that the abuser has had some type of drug and alcohol in their system during their dispute. Research has it that the female group is the one that becomes victimized the most and there are several strategies that have been put into place to culminate this issue of violence at home, more especially against women.Show MoreRelatedDomestic Violence And Substance Abuse Essay1511 Words   |  7 PagesDomestic Violence and Substance Abuse I decided to pick this topic because I was a victim of domestic violence, likely due to substance abuse at one point in time. Every single day was miserable and I had nowhere to go. I didn’t even know that he was using drugs. He was a few years older than me and I was naà ¯ve about what was happening. After several months, I was finally able to have my mom help me move back to Arizona. I have moved on from that chapter in my life, but I have always been curiousRead MoreResearch Proposal- Alcohol Abuse Leads to Domestic Violence1471 Words   |  6 PagesDetermining whether Alcohol abuse leads to Domestic Violence Abstract This study seeks to analyze and examine the effects that alcohol abuse may have on domestic violence cases. The main goal of this study is to determine whether or not alcohol or alcohol abuse really has an affect on people and if it causes domestic violence or not. This study will be helpful in many ways and instances and it will help those who are still wondering whether or not these to completely different socialRead MoreDomestic Violence And Its Effects On Women1599 Words   |  7 PagesDomestic violence is a large social issue around the world that is commonly associated with the mistreatment of women. However, there are many different forms of domestic violence that affect men, women, and children (Domestic Violence 1). Victims of domestic violence may suffer not only physically, but emotionally and mentally as well. Domestic violence is a very important social issue because it negatively affects both the abuser and the victim. In the article, â€Å"Domestic Violence and Abuse : TypesRead MoreDrugs And Alcohol Of The New World1656 Words   |  7 PagesDrugs and alcohol are â€Å"commonplace words in our society† (Stevens Smith, pg. 1). They are common themes at â€Å"celebrations, religious rituals, during recreation and for pain relief† (Stevens Smith, pg. 1). Some people though abuse drugs. We see more instances of people â€Å"both young and old abusing drugs† (Stevens Smith, pg. 1). We’ll discuss how â€Å"common drug abuse is, who it affects and how it correlates to violence, child and domestic abuse† (Stevens Smith, pg. 1). Drugs and AlcoholRead MoreSubstance Abuse Within Correctional Setting978 Words   |  4 PagesSubstance Abuse in Correctional Setting Assessment psychology has examined individuals who are criminal offenders who were evaluated to determine their personalities to which they have a long history with. Approximately well over a century ago, Mà ¼nsterberg, 1908, Vaccaro Hogan, 2004 who are all psychologists has managed a improved study on criminal offenders that will allow us all to have an ambiguous understanding of how the process of his research in reference to the criminalRead MoreNfl Domestic Abuse805 Words   |  4 PagesDemocracy Now 1 The area of interest I chose was domestic violence/abuse from an show titled: An NFL Wife Tell Her Story: Intimidated Spouses Followed â€Å"Code of Silence† Around Domestic Abuse. This topic is common among the players in the National Football League (NFL). The date this show was posted is Tuesday, September 16, 2014. The key presenter(s) that discussed the topic were as followed: Amy Goodman (Journalist and columnist for radio show Democracy Now!) and Dewan Smith-Williams (Wife ofRead MoreSong Analysis: We Found Love by Calvin Harris Essay1034 Words   |  5 Pagesand of mixed race, one parent being black and the other being Caucasian. Their relationship is distinguished by domestic violence as the couple is seen yelling, pushing and hurting one another, along with stealing from convenience stores, gambling and abusing drugs and alcohol together. The main problems with the music video and lyrics of â€Å"We Found Love† are the androcentric representation of the couple’s relationship and living arrangements and how it is justified by biological determinism alongRead MoreEssay on Domestic Violence and the Effect It Has on Family1582 Words   |  7 PagesDomestic violence is a violent confrontation between family or household members involving physical harm, sexual assault, or fear of physical harm (Stewart Croudep, 1998-2012). In most places domestic violence is looked on as one of the higher priorities when trying to stop crime. Domestic Violence cases are thought to be influenced by the use of alcohol, drugs, stress or anger but in reality, they are just learned behaviors by the batterer. These habits can be stopped as long as one seeks helpRead MoreDomestic Violence And Sexual Violence1535 Words   |  7 Pageslifetime (Domestic Violence Statistics, 2015). The topic that will be studied with the paper is in timate partner violence or another term that can be used is domestic violence. Domestic violence or intimate partner violence is the systematic pattern or control or power perpetuated by one partner against another (National Coalition Against Domestic Violence, n.d.). Throughout the paper the term domestic violence and intimate violence will be used interchangeably. The misconception is that domestic violenceRead MoreThe Effects of Alcohol Abuse1472 Words   |  6 Pagesdoing things they should not. Alcohol is one of those things. Alcohol is extremely easy to get ahold of. It can be attained from anywhere; there are bars and liquor stores on every corner. One can get alcohol in grocery stores, gas stations, people can even brew it themselves if they know how. Alcohol that is commonly abused comes in a large variety ranging from weaker alcohols like wine and beer to stronger substances like tequila and vodka. When one abuses alcohol it taints the minds of even the

True Character of a Man - 1019 Words

Oedipus is a great King, and an even greater man, as Sophocles presents Oedipus in the play Oedipus the King. Oedipus originally comes to Thebes as a young man avoiding an awful fate and finds himself rescuing the people of Thebes from the Sphinx. Oedipus is wise as he speaks with her and deciphers her riddle, â€Å"What goes on four legs in the morning, two at noon, and three at evening?† giving the answer of â€Å"man†. Little did Oedipus know this riddle would be an analogy of his life as King in Thebes. Oedipus is benevolent; Priest and men come to Oedipus to pray he save the city from a plague, Oedipus addresses his people, as his children, and begs them come inside to speak to him and tell him their woes. Oedipus is just and honorable; as he†¦show more content†¦Time and again Oedipus pauses to reflect and take council from his peers, showing his wisdom that he alone is not enough to unravel this affliction to the city. Benevolence is often a trait not associated with a King, but Oedipus is benevolent. Oedipus sees the people of Thebes as his children not simply his subjects. He wishes to speak to them directly and not through messengers and so he addresses them directly. Oedipus swears in every way he is able to help his people with their afflictions, even before he knows what they have come to ask him. Oedipus finds himself sick with worry and sympathy for his people as they suffer, he suffers with them. Oedipus is able to temper this benevolence in place of patience. When the holy prophet Teiresias is brought to Oedipus to share any knowledge or insight on the plague, Oedipus loses his patience but exemplifies his benevolence. Teiresias at first declines to give any advice to Oedipus drawing the ire of the King as he says he will not tell what he knows for it is his misery to bear. Once he does share the information, that Oedipus himself is to blame for the plague of the city, Oedipus’ benevolence prevails. Many Kings o f history and literature may have had the tongue of the man removed, declared treason and death, or even have struck a man for such insolence, but Oedipus simply became angry and sent the prophetShow MoreRelatedWilliam Moliere s Tartuffe As A Threat Of Reason1138 Words   |  5 Pagesaddresses in Tartuffe as he establishes his characters. In satire characters are usually very one dimensional and unchanging. They are simply there to represent an idea. Therefore, rather than using character development, Moliere uses character establishment to shape his story and theme. This is most notably seen in the last two scenes of act one in Tartuffe as he establishes the characters of Orgon, Cleante and Tartuffe. In the establishment of these three characters Moliere forms a strong point about reason’sRead MoreEssay about Shrek and Reversal of Fairytale Tradition1505 Words   |  7 PagesTradition Shrek directed Andrew Andamson and Vicky Jenson by contradicts the traditional view of a fairytale characters and settings. Although your first impressions may lead you to believe that that the story is totally different to a traditional fairytale looking more closely you find that there are a few similarities. This essay will be looking at the characters and the different presentational devises used to show how fairytale traditions are reversed. The presentationalRead MoreComparison Of True Grit And The Outsiders1695 Words   |  7 Pagesworthy for a film adaptation. With a variety of these adaptations, the film directors attempt to capture the messages that were portrayed in the book and faithfully develop each of the book’s characters. Moreover, two certain books which were favored for their loving characters and encouraging themes are True Grit by Charles Portis and The Outsiders by S. E. Hinton. While the 1968 western novel by Portis follows a young girl, who goes on an adventure in pursuit of avenging her father’s death, theRead MoreAll My Sons By Arthur Miller1631 Words   |  7 Pagestension to conflict between characters. In Arthur Miller’s play, All My Sons, dramatic tension is created by using theoretical devices and language, utilizing conflicting character personalities, dramatic irony, and character development, to exhibit dramatic tension in order to keep the audience engaged in the play. ACT 1 At the beginning of Act One, when Keller gives the audience first impressions of characters, the audience begins to foreshadow conflicts between the characters based on each individualRead MoreTwelfth Night Essay1134 Words   |  5 Pagesare seen by the audience, but not seen by the characters in the play. There are many points involving love, friendship, conflicts and confusion. Twelfth Night displays characters that are mad, in love, and desperate for love. Twelfth Night has many conflicts that occur because characters fail to listen to messages. Viola is a character who has just thought that her brother has died in a shipwreck that they were both in. Viola disguises herself as a man to seek employment under the Duke Orsino’s courtRead MoreComparison Of Masculinity In Macbeth872 Words   |  4 Pages Alternative characters in the play contrast Macbeth and Lady Macbeths twisted perception of a man by allowing their emotions and not giving in to traditional gender roles. When taking a look at masculinity in Macbeth, MacDuff’s is an aforementioned character. Shakespeare gives MacDuff phrases, which contrast the misguided ways of Macbeth and his Lady, and also show that there is hope in masculinity. It is obvious that MacDuff is Shakespeares ideological adaptation of a real man. MacDuff knowsRead MoreThe True Nature Of Shakespeares Characters In Othello1546 Words   |  7 PagesThe True Nature of William Shakespeare’s Characters in â€Å"Othello† Ever since it’s creation over four centuries ago, William Shakespeare’s classic tragedy â€Å"Othello†, has reigned as one of the greatest play’s of all time. Being widely studied and analyzed, there should be no question as to why this piece has remained so relevant, even within the twisting and turbulent times of the 20th century and beyond. With copious amounts of today’s youth becoming caught and obsessed with the virtual life of socialRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea By Ernest Hemingway1599 Words   |  7 PagesBroadway New York, NY USA 10027 Dear Pulitzer Prize Judging Board: The Old Man and the Sea by American author, Ernest Hemingway deserved the Pulitzer Prize it received because of the author s use of craft elements, the realness of all of the characters and events, and the lasting themes that are relevant to the year it was written that were created by this realness, which in turn created a legacy. The first reason The Old Man and the Sea deserved its Pulitzer Prize is because of the author’s use ofRead MoreTwelfth Night and Crossdressing1429 Words   |  6 Pagesplay Twelfth Night encapsulates what it meant to be a man and women throughout the 16th century. The roles of each gender were set in stone, and one could not publicly cross over under any circumstances. During Shakespearean times women were not even allowed to portray themselves on stage, men played their roles instead. In my opinion Shakespeare uses the play to show the hypocrisy of the status quo that held people from expressing their true identity. Twelfth Night demonstrates that professionsRead MoreThe Importance Of Nature In Jack Londons To Build A Fire1012 Words   |  5 PagesIn Jack Londons â€Å"To Build A Fire† the story follows a man and his dog in the Klondike and their obstacles of trying to get to the boys which are his compatriots. The story revolves around the winter and how mankind reacts to the wild. The author uses nature to illustrate the poem’s tone by vilifying nature and using it as an obstacle. In the story â€Å"To Build A Fire† the climate is cold. â€Å"Before the coming of winter, the old-timer from Sulphur Creek had warned him that one should always travel in

Environment Management for Sustainable Development Oil and Fas Compan

Question: Discuss about the Environment Management for Sustainable Development of Oil and Fas Companies. Answer: Background information The oil and gas companies in UN is facing a challenge related to climate change and global warming (Davis and Diffenbaugh, 2016, pp.016001). The operational activity like production and burning of fossil fuels is the key reason associated with climatic changes, which in turn is responsible for risk including floods, the rise in sea-level, and heat waves. The mentioned risks are more reflective especially in the areas where these companies are located for extraction, having stores, and are engaged in refining their products (Hiatt, Grandy and Lee, 2015, pp.1769). There is no doubt in the statement that if the current operational activities of oil and gas companies are continued, many of the nations across the globe will be sharing the prospect of severe economic effects that are resultant from climatic changes. In particular, the government organisation and corporates are likely to face consequences related to billion dollar infrastructure. In addition to this, the future situation ca n also create a disruption associated with the production and delivery of energy resources (Smith and Hayes, 2013). The issue of climate change and global warming is indeed a human-induced phenomenon that leads to rapid melting of glacier ice, variations in the ecosystem, and destruction and a decrease in the habitats of many species. The alarming issue was foreseen in late 1988 when the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was created under the program of United Nations Environment and World Meteorological Organization, which focuses on the scientific assessment of the knowledge of global warming (Lofsted and Collier, 2014). Based on the report UN framework conventional on climatic change, it is important to seek change negotiation and action that can help in reducing the human-activity-induced impact on global warming (Lofsted and Collier, 2014). Scope of present report In conjunction with issues of global warming and climatic change, it is important for the oil and gas companies to seek diversion of the energy sources into renewable energy. The approach towards the sustainable development is thus of great importance that can contribute towards the minimization of these impacts on the environment (Hiatt, Grandy and Lee, 2015, pp.1769). The present report is thus based on an illustration of direct and indirect causes associated with the global warming thereby specifying the responsibilities of government, companies, communities, and individual itself. Note that this includes the debate over utilisation of renewable sources of energy like solar, wind, and hydraulic energy to product and supplies domestic and industrial consumable energies. Likewise, the economic and political issues are also critical importance in managing the overall implementation strategies. The problem of climatic change and global warming: Who is responsible? The high-level accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere act as a blanket that traps heat and is liable for the warming of the planet. The increased usage of oil and natural gas, burning of fossil fuels and cutting down forest contributes to this carbon accumulation that overloads the atmosphere (Lofsted and Collier, 2014). Scientific evidence dictates that increase in global average temperature for more than 3.6 degrees (oF) compared to the pre-industrial level is a serious risk to human health and natural ecosystem (Smith and Hayes, 2013). Over the last century, the global average temperature has increased by 1 degree (oF) that is responsible for comprehensive global temperature, recorded. This is further accompanied by a decrease in freezing days and increase in warm days (Smith and Hayes, 2013). While the record shows that some part of the world are warming faster than other, there exists an upward trend is unambiguous in the long-term global aspect. It is worth mentioning that the global warming has the potential to change rainfall and snow pattern, melting of glacial ice, disturbance in the ecosystem, severe storms, and increase in sea level (Smith and Hayes, 2013). Initiatives were taken by oil/gas companies and government/private organisations As an individual, we need to take action that can reduce the personal carbon emission, such as avoiding the use of chloro-fluoro carbons and aerosols (Heidari and Pearce, 2016, pp.899). On the other hand, to address the global threat, the demand action is requisite from political leaders to support the comprehensive climate solutions. In conjunction with the operational activities of oil and gas companies, it is necessary to implement a smart solution that is based on technological advances and available options in hand (Bulkeley and Betsill, 2013, pp.136). The prime objective of these smart solutions is to reduce the emission that contributes to heat-trapping into the atmosphere. These measures include Expanding the use of renewable energy and transforming the energy system that is cleaner. Avoiding dependence on coal and fossil fuels to reduce the carbon emission. An approach from coal to natural gas shift is worthy (Pfeiffer and Hepburn, 2016, pp.201). Building clean energy economy, which is possible with investment in energy efficient technologies and strategies (Bulkeley and Betsill, 2013, pp.136). Placing a lesser number of carbon emission units. Other approaches to government and private organisation that are necessary include: Placing a limit on carbon emission amount that the polluters are allowed to emit. Reducing the tropical deforestation (Pfeiffer and Hepburn, 2016, pp.201). Increasing the vehicle fuel efficiencies and other solution that can reduce the oil usage (Bulkeley and Betsill, 2013, pp.136). Advantage and disadvantage associated with shifting to renewable source of energy According to Paris 2015 UN climate change conference, countries have submitted their plans to control the greenhouse gas emission that emphasis on the steps that can be implemented by oil and gas companies (Lybk, Hansen and Andersen, 2016, pp.65). The responsibilities of these companies are thus aligned with two prime objectives (Thornton, 2014, pp.3313): Reduce the consumption of fossil fuels and oils and making a shift towards renewable energy Complementing the energy requirement across the globe with minimal impact on climatic risk. The key challenges that are associated with these requirements include: A change in the infrastructure that uses renewable energy supply such as solar system, wind energy, and electricity generated from hydraulic units. Change in the work procedure such that technological support can support the change of energy sources (Ellabban, Abu-Rub and Blaabjerg, 2014, pp.748). Making a shift from coal to natural gas that can reduce approximately half of carbon dioxide and absolutely zero level methane gas release (Stigka, Paravantis, and Mihalakakou, 2014, pp.100). Implementing strong commercial influence with the introduction of global carbon pricing policy. Companies like BG group, Royal Dutch Shell, Eni, Statoil, and BP have already implemented internal carbon price of $50/tonne that in turn had reduced half of the emission (Ellabban, Abu-Rub and Blaabjerg, 2014, pp.748). Carbon capture and storage system is another approach that motivates the carbon price as well as offer sustainable clean energy portfolio to the companies. The major challenge in the mentioned approach includes cost consideration and implementation of change in the work procedure (Hiatt, Grandy and Lee, 2015, pp.1769). It is important for the companies to make collaboration and combined decision for the industrial practices that in turn must be based on economic consideration and life cycle of fuel (O'Driscoll and O'Donnell, 2013, pp.53). Common example of these measures can be accounted based on below mentioned points (Chaubey, Sahu, James and Maity, 2013, pp.443): Shell Company have supported the infrastructure change to control carbon dioxide release with making the sustainable approach in four key areas. These include biofuels, carbon capture and storage, use of natural gas, energy efficiency. ExxonMobil Company has reduced their operational procedure that in turn reduces 40% of carbon emission. The clean fuel project enables a reduction in 98% of sulphur level within the diesel and gasoline supply. British Petroleum supports the clean and efficient policies of lower carbon limit implemented by EU. The operational procedure includes a change in flaring and venting provision that contribute to reduces carbon emission. Likewise, the carbon cost of their investment appraisal is also a practical The advantage of implementing these change is evident in terms of reducing the carbon emission and contribution towards the greenhouse gas accumulation in the environment. The change in the climatic condition has a significant impact on the industrial procedure and requirement. Thus a change in the working process and a shift in the use of energy sources falls within the scope of Environmental Protection Agency - cleaner power policy (Suberu, Mustafa and Bashir, 2014, pp.499). The mentioned changes and other futuristic steps are necessary to be taken by the oil and gas companies, as because they have wealth as well as experience to tackle such problem on large engineering. Can the sustainable approach of oil and gas companies have the potential to bring shift in money? Reducing the use of oil and other relevant change in the operational activity can cause the high cost to the consumers. The common policies such as carbon tax and emission control related carbon price have the potential of increasing the fuel/oil cost. The possible solution is to monitor the cost and regulates the price of fuel production by the government (Aghaei and Alizadeh, 2013, pp.64). Likewise, the government policies also need to have effort in promoting the technological development such that combination of fuel and buying efficient vehicles can be implemented. This means a regulation is necessary to maintain the revenue flow balance between the fuel industry, oil companies, and vehicle industry (Suberu, Mustafa and Bashir, 2014, pp.499). Similarly, a paradox for the government policies also exists that drive substantial revenues from fuel taxes. If the consumption of fuel falls, the revenues will also fall which can impact the overall nations GDP. The solution to this problem is that oil and gas companies can adopt suitable means to produce the energy based on renewable sources and that can be supplied by the community and industrial use (Aghaei and Alizadeh, 2013, pp.64). Of note, this shift can account for huge investment, which needs to be implemented in near future. Additionally, the government and private sector organisation also need to identify other significant changes that can reduce the carbon footprint. This is important because only focusing on the operational activity of oil and gas companies can cause pressure in terms of conduct for these companies as well as in terms of financial (revenue) management. Another sector like transport and municipal solid waste nearly contribute to 22 and 25 percent of greenhouse emission. Additionally, they also contribute to 40 and 19 percent of the black carbon (soot) contribution that adds to the global warming (Dale, Osegowitsch and Collinson, 2014, pp.487). Thus, in developing economies, it is important to share the responsibility of reducing environmental impact to all sector such that the pathway of sustainability can be smoother for oil and gas companies. Implications for the oil and gas industry downstream The expectation of implementation measures is remarked with the assumption that oil prices can reach to newer competitive level. The incentive that is being offered to the oil and gas companies is based on the knowledge available for framing government policies, contributed to public perception and is based on information from interest groups (Mitchell and Mitchell, 2014, pp.36). In particular, for the oil and gas companies the volume matter, which is linked with that downstream. The volume in this consideration is related to use of vehicles and other industrial practices that render an increased demand for the energy sources. According to combined summit (Howarth, 2015, pp.46) by US, EU, and Japan, the future estimated demand for the fuel requirement based on petroleum as fuel, will not be reliable until a sustainable solution for the climatic conditions are determined. The idea of adjustment to lower the oil consumption by 2020 is a significant step forward that can reduce the pressure of climatic sustainability on the oil and gas companies. Thus, these companies must focus to maintain the refineries, distribution, and other retail structures that can supplement the needs of small industries (static and slowly growing market) (Howarth, 2015, pp.46). On the other hand, public and private sector organisation must make robust technological solutions implement disruptive technology, for an industrial solution and automotive demand of world population. It is important to mention that the cost of keeping going is not a negligible factor. The reason is associated with the continual requirement of revenue investment that is attributed to the changes of mix production and newer environmental standards. Potential recommendation in this downstream for the UN include the following consideration: Concentrating core of oil refinery plant, managing networking, and using technology are important, but companies need to secure segmentation of market in terms of chemical sites, the advantage of handing crude material and investing in other sources of energy to gain profit revenue (Jenner and Lamadrid, 2013, pp.442). Closing refineries and selling to smaller industries can show a profit to acquisition cost and biofuels, and waste management is also an effective alternative. On the other hand in many geographical locations, these options may not be possible such as in Europe. Hence, implementing a pattern of change in the trades of products will be effective (Dale, Osegowitsch and Collinson, 2014, pp.487). It is also important to govern the policies related to retail and supply chain involving supermarkets, such that practice for environmental sustainability can be managed. Hence, carbon price and fuel selling price for all oil and gas companies across the globe can be managed (Seelke, 2015, pp.199). De-integration of the companies is another useful The demerged downstream in terms of volume demand and consumption of fuel across the world needs to be regularised with the implementation of disruptive automobile technologies. The strategic management in conjunction with increased technological demand of consumers, growing demand for energy sources by increasing population, and increased pressure for a sustainable approach towards a climatic solution is thus required (Dale, Osegowitsch and Collinson, 2014, pp.487). Reflective Log The present coursework was based on analysis of environmental issue related to global warming and climatic changes. The prime reason associated with this subject is the human-based activity such as emission of carbon, emission of gases like carbon dioxide and methane, and deforestation. As a result of these events, the consequences lead to increase in the overall temperature of the planet, which is referred to as greenhouse effect (Heidari and Pearce, 2016, pp.899). Based on the reading and learning, it is also learned that increase in global average temperature for more than 3.6 degrees (oF) compared to the pre-industrial level is a serious risk to human health and natural ecosystem. Importantly, the average increase in temperature over last decade has been accounted for 1 degree (oF) that is responsible for melting of glacial ice and rise in the sea level (Smith and Hayes, 2013). The research process for the completion of this reflective log includes searching and acquisition of knowledge for the said topic from peer reviewed sources. This involves the use of specific keywords such as oil and gas companies effort towards sustainability, approach to reducing global warming, sustainability for negotiating climatic change, government and private sector approach to climate change management. The next method of filtering the retrieved literature was based on year of publication, which renders a selection of literature from last 5 years of publication (Booth, Sutton and Papaioannou, 2016). In addition to this, information has also been collected from blogs and other internet sources, which was first compared with information present in literature and finally included within the report. This approach is effective as it helps in collecting information that includes rationale behind the approach, historical notes, and future planning from the related summit by collabo ration with international agencies (Booth, Sutton and Papaioannou, 2016). Likewise, it is also learned that the sustainability approach of oil and gas companies needs to be implemented in conjunction with activities of other sectors such as an automobile, disruptive technology, and minimization of deforestation. The effort of today is necessary, so as to manage the resource and climatic condition for a future time. The importance of above-mentioned research approach is reflective of fact that updated approach has been collected regarding environmental sustainability. Additionally, the implementation and strategic planning that has been undertaken by various companies like BP, Royal Dutch Shell, and Eni can also be accounted. The module writing requires extensive analysis in conjunction with sustainability approach, profit-loss analysis, and economic shift that is probable to effect with managing change in infrastructure and work procedure (Suberu, Mustafa and Bashir, 2014, pp.499). Likewise, the module also demands justification associated with all the recommendation sets for the environmental sustainability approach to UN, which must be added with references. The information related to this recommendation and their associated rationale was thus collected using peer reviewed sources. The challenge related to this research work is linked with a collection of information that can dictate the fina ncial management of companies with the arrangement of shift to infrastructure and work procedure (Heidari and Pearce, 2016, pp.899). It is still unclear, how the price and profitability negotiation can be managed by oil and gas companies when they will adopt a change in the source of energy to renewable form. Since this strategic analysis were kept confidential by many companies, thus they were not published in literature sources. References: Booth, A., Sutton, A. and Papaioannou, D., 2016. Systematic approaches to a successful literature review. Sage. Heidari, N. and Pearce, J.M., 2016. A review of greenhouse gas emission liabilities as the value of renewable energy for mitigating lawsuits for climate change related damages. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 55, pp.899-908. Suberu, M.Y., Mustafa, M.W. and Bashir, N., 2014. Energy storage systems for renewable energy power sector integration and mitigation of intermittency. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 35, pp.499-514. Smith, K.R. and Hayes, P., 2013. The Global Greenhouse Regime: Who Pays?. Routledge. Aghaei, J. and Alizadeh, M.I., 2013. Demand response in smart electricity grids equipped with renewable energy sources: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 18, pp.64-72. Bulkeley, H. and Betsill, M.M., 2013. Revisiting the urban politics of climate change. Environmental Politics, 22(1), pp.136-154. Chaubey, R., Sahu, S., James, O.O. and Maity, S., 2013. A review on development of industrial processes and emerging techniques for production of hydrogen from renewable and sustainable sources. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 23, pp.443-462. Dale, C., Osegowitsch, T. and Collinson, S., 2014. Disintegration and de-internationalization: changing vertical and international scope and the case of the oil and gas industry. Advances in International Management, 27(1), pp.487-516. Davis, S.J. and Diffenbaugh, N., 2016. Dislocated interests and climate change. Environmental Research Letters, 11(6), p.061001. Ellabban, O., Abu-Rub, H. and Blaabjerg, F., 2014. Renewable energy resources: Current status, future prospects and their enabling technology. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 39, pp.748-764. Heidari, N. and Pearce, J.M., 2016. A review of greenhouse gas emission liabilities as the value of renewable energy for mitigating lawsuits for climate change related damages. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 55, pp.899-908. Hiatt, S.R., Grandy, J.B. and Lee, B.H., 2015. Organizational responses to public and private politics: An analysis of climate change activists and US oil and gas firms. Organization Science, 26(6), pp.1769-1786. Howarth, R.W., 2015. Methane emissions and climatic warming risk from hydraulic fracturing and shale gas development: implications for policy. Energy and Emissions Control Technologies, 46. Jenner, S. and Lamadrid, A.J., 2013. Shale gas vs. coal: Policy implications from environmental impact comparisons of shale gas, conventional gas, and coal on air, water, and land in the United States. Energy Policy, 53, pp.442-453. Lofsted, R.E. and Collier, U., 2014. Cases in climate change policy: political reality in the European Union. Routledge. Lybk, R., Hansen, O.E. and Andersen, J., 2016. The Development of Non-fossil Energy Systems in the Absence of Strong Climate Change Global Governance. Rethinking Climate Change Research: Clean Technology, Culture and Communication, p.65. Mitchell, J.V. and Mitchell, B., 2014. Structural crisis in the oil and gas industry. Energy Policy, 64, pp.36-42. O'Driscoll, E. and O'Donnell, G.E., 2013. Industrial power and energy meteringa state-of-the-art review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 41, pp.53-64. Pfeiffer, A. and Hepburn, C., 2016. Facing the Challenge of Climate Change. Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies, 8(2), pp.201-215. Seelke, C.R., Villarreal, M.A., Ratner, M. and Brown, P., 2015. Mexico's Oil and Gas Sector: Background, Reform Efforts, and Implications for the United States. Current Politics and Economics of the United States, Canada and Mexico, 17(1), p.199. Smith, K.R. and Hayes, P., 2013. The Global Greenhouse Regime: Who Pays?. Routledge. Stigka, E.K., Paravantis, J.A. and Mihalakakou, G.K., 2014. Social acceptance of renewable energy sources: A review of contingent valuation applications. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 32, pp.100-106. Suberu, M.Y., Mustafa, M.W. and Bashir, N., 2014. Energy storage systems for renewable energy power sector integration and mitigation of intermittency. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 35, pp.499-514. Thornton, P.K., Ericksen, P.J., Herrero, M. and Challinor, A.J., 2014. Climate variability and vulnerability to climate change: a review. Global change biology, 20(11), pp.3313-3328.

Approaches for Predicting Corporate Bankruptcy

Question: Describe about the Approaches for Predicting Corporate Bankruptcy. Answer: Abstract The report explores about financial statement analysis and how it is not the only approach to rely to predict financial crisis by exploring the examples of Lehman Brothers, WorldCom and Enron. How Lehman Brothers breached US standard for leverage ratio, how WorldCom window dressed its financial statements and how did Enron deceive its shareholders all is explained in the given repot below. Further, report will give an idea that there are certain non-financial approaches available like corporate governance and support the argument by discussing corporate governance. Introduction Financial statement analysis is an essential skill in a variety of occupations including investment management, corporate finance, commercial lending and the extension of credit. (Alvarez, Fridson 2002). On elaborating the term financial statement analysis, it is analysis of various financial terms like ratios, cash flows, balance sheet of the firm to know the strengths and weakness of the firms in terms of finance. The major objective of the report is to give an idea about how financial statement analysis determines the bankruptcy of firm through various methodologies. Further to bring in view that financial statement analysis is not the only approach to predict bankruptcy of firms by enlightening the financial crisis of three major economic scandals like Enron, WorldCom, Lehman Brothers and discussing non-financial approach like corporate governance. Further, describing the corporate governance and how corporate governance help in predicting financial distress. To summarize, we say that we support the argument that financial statement analysis is not the only approach available there are various non-financial approaches like corporate governance is there and same should be applied by corporates to predict financial crisis. Further discussion is also done regarding composition of board of directors, segregation of duties of board of directors and proportion of independent directors. Financial statement analysis not the only approach for predicting bankruptcy From the view of financial statement analysis, it is the process of reviewing and analyzing a companys financial statement to make better economic decisions. It includes balance sheet, cash flow statements, and a statement of change in equity. To describe failure of corporates two technical words are insolvency and bankruptcy. A firm is considered as insolvent whenever its book value of assets is less than those of its liabilities. In this case a company is considered insolvent when it files for bankruptcy in court. However, as per economic conception, insolvency is defined as failure to repayment of debt, inability to pay dividends etc. In this situation a firm can or cannot lead to judicial proceedings (Levratto, 2013). On the note of discussing the major corporate scandals Enron, WorldCom and Lehman Brothers, the major reason of their bankruptcy was misinterpreted financial statements. Major cause for the collapse of Lehman Brothers was extending subprime mortgage loans to customers, who were otherwise not extended due to poor credit score. But, due to boom in 2007 Lehman extended these kinds of loans. Thus, two major blunders identified were one Lehman has no accurate future projections and secondly, even if management was known about possible changes, they were busy in increasing shareholders wealth. Another financial fraud which appeared was its leverage ratio was 31:1 which was against the set U.S. regulations of not more than 15:1.This high leverage ratio raised a question on the liquidity of Lehman Brothers. Another major financial fraud made by Lehman Brothers was repurchase agreement transactions (repos). REPOS denote percentage of assets sold in comparison to cash received. Lehman showed r epos of 105 and 108 which means assets sold were 5% and 8% more than cash received, thus it was window dressing of financial statements to deviate shareholders of the company. However, on various other aspects Lehman Brothers auditors Ernst Young defended quoting that the international accounting standards supported company transactions. (Gyamfi, 2016). Similarly, in case of fall of Enron also basic fundamental principal of preparing financial statements was not followed i.e. true and full disclosure of facts. Enron executives never disclosed to its employees about selling of stock, it was only when Enron bankruptcy news evolved employees came to know about companys selling out the stocks. Also, it was seen that failure of Enron was due to massive accounting errors like enhancing accounting for special purpose vehicles and strengthening internal accounting system. (Li, 2010). WorldCom was again involved in questionable accounting practices. WorldCom has huge amount of contractual ob ligations and when went under reconstruction it was found that vendors, creditors would not be able to generate revenues. Thus, again a big financial fraud was there. (Gertmenian and Chuvakhin, 2003). Thus, with this discussion we can say that financial statement analysis is not the only option available to predict the bankruptcy of corporates. With discussing above financial frauds, we analysis that not only quantitative factors considered but also qualitative factors. With considering qualitative factors along with quantitative factors for credit risk analysis it helps to correctly classify the companies. Qualitative factors or non- financial factors are generally selected with the help of management discussions and business policies. However, corporate governance is a good qualitative factor. Corporate Governance is the structure that is intended to make sure that right questions asked and that checks and balances are in place to make sure that the answers reflect what is best for the creation of long term, sustainable, renewable value. (Minow, and Monks, 2011). Corporate Governance include large number of variables like Board of Directors characteristics, Board Committee, internal control factors, shareholders influence on Board of Directors. As financial scandals were increasing over number of years, the requirement to consider non- financial factors and provide an interaction between financial and non-financial factors became important. From early eighties only discussion regarding corporate governance and its influence in financial distress or bankruptcy are there. In corporate governance, conflicts arise among shareholders and management regarding assigning of roles. Basically, it is ethical conflicts among management and shareholders as in case of financial distress management prioritize their personal aim rather than overall companys objective. Now, there are two ways to analyze financial distress from corporate governance point of view. Firstly, firms with high ownership concentration are likely to have high financial distress and secondly, firms with high board ownership have less risk to financial distress. Firm having high institutional ownership they try to focus more on long term benefits rather than short term benefits as management do. However, if there is high ownership of institutional investors they try to control the management. Coming on second aspect that is where there is high board ownership. With respect to board it is seen as ability of directors to act efficiently, has been regarded as major factor in determining corporates financial distress. Thus, if a company has poor or weak board of directors, it increases the opportunity of management controlling shareholders and extracting money from shareholders. Thus, as per corpor ate governance board of directors should have independence. This independence can be defined as separating the role of chairman, chief executive directors, and independent directors. In separating the roles of chairman and chief executive directors is to ensure the effectiveness and independence of the board. However, other theories say that instead of separating the role of chairman and chief executive officer it should be accumulated in one power i.e. CEO, so as to reduce the cost and to avoid conflicts of interest. Apart from segregating the role of chairman and CEO another aspect is to increase the proportion of number of independent directors in board. Independent directors are basically directors who have no financial interest in company. Their work is to monitor the directors and to avoid selfish motive of management so that they can work in the interest of the shareholders. However, proportion of independent directors depends on the size of the board. A board having large si ze with less number of independent directors is likelihood of having more financial distress due to imbalance in board and conflict of interest, while a firm having smaller board size and large number of independent directors increases transparency of corporates thus preventing corporates from financial distress. However, corporate governance mechanism, ethics code, legal system to predict financial distress varies according to the country. Example of this is Spain. In Spain, corporate governance methodology was different regarding ownership concentration, unitary board system and voluntary good corporate governance practices lead agencies to conflict of financial distress. Thus, we can support argument that beyond financial statement analysis also there are non-financial factors to predict bankruptcy of corporates. (Elshahat, Elshahat, Rao, 2015). Conclusion On concluding the above discussion we see that financial statement include balance sheet, cash flow statement, and ratio analysis. For long time corporates were relying on financial data for predicting the corporates financial position. However, with major scandals like Enron, WorldCom, and Lehman Brothers who all were involved in financial frauds through window dressing their financial statements brought out an argument that whether financial statement analysis is the only approach to predict corporates financial situation. On, further study we support the argument that financial statement analysis is not the only approach to rely upon. Various journal articles supported the arguments and concluded that while analyzing corporates position not only financial aspects but also non-financial aspects should be considered. One of such non-financial aspect is Corporate Governance which focus not on financial aspect of the firm but it is basically considering management, board of directors and their influence in board and level of independence We further concluded that firm having small board size with large number of independence directors, will be less exposed to financial distress as there will be consistent monitoring over board of directors by independent directors. Thus, we support the argument that corporate should consider other aspects to predict bankruptcy of corporates. References Alvarez, F., and Fridson, M.S. (2002) Financial statement analysis: A practitioners guide. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons. Elshahat.I., Elshaht.A., Rao.A. (2015) Does Corporate Governance Improve Bankruptcy Predicition. Academy of Accounting and Financial Studies Journal 19(1). Gretmenian, L.W., and Chuvakhin, N.V. (2003) Predicting bankruptcy in the WorldCom age. Graziadio business Review, 6(1). Gyamfi, M.A. (2016) The Bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers: Causes, Effects and Lessons Learnt, Journal of Insurance and Financial Management, 1(4), p.132-149. Li, Y. (2010) The Case Analysis of The Scandal of Enron. International journal of business management, 5 (10). Livratto.N. (2013) From failure to corporate bankruptcy- a review. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Available from DOI:10.1186/2192-5372-2-20. (Accessed on 05-10-16) Minow.N. and Monks, R.A.G. (2011) Corporate Governance. 5th ed. United States: John Wiley Sons.